Experimentally Validated Extended Kalman Filter Approach for Geomagnetically Induced Current Measurement

Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) are referred to as the quasi-dc current flows in power networks, driven by complex space weather-related phenomena. Such a potential threat delivery capability of electrical grids. To mitigate detrimental impacts GICs on critical infrastructures, should be monitored systems. Being inherently dc from frequency point view, components are, however, challenging and costly monitor ac This article puts forward novel methodology for real-time estimation transformers. aim is attained means an extended Kalman filter (EKF)-based approach, mounted nonlinear state-space model transformer, whose parameters can derived standard tests. The proposed EKF-based algorithm employs available measurements transformer differential protection. relying current, properly deal with external sources interference like harmonic excitation loading. estimator presented validated simulation experimental data. results verify ability approach robustly estimate GIC level during various operating conditions.